航空结构用新型高性能钛合金材料技术研究与发展

大量采用先进钛合金材料及其应用技术,不仅可以大幅度改善结构减重效果,而且可以延长使用寿命、提高安全可靠性,因此成为了新一代飞机和新型发动机先进性的显著标志之一。本文分析了我国钛合金加工材料的发展现状及存在的主要问题,提出了采用自主创新和按体系发展是实现我国航空钛合金材料及应用技术立足国内自主保障的关键途径,指出了材料创新和工艺技术创新是实现航空结构钛合金从单一高性能到综合高性能跨越、提升技术成熟度以及向规模化、稳定化和低成本化发展的技术保障。     

Reduction in clamping force due to applied longitudinal load to aerospace structural bolted plates

The main purpose of the present work is to experimentally and numerically study why and how the magnitude of the bolt clamping force reduces in the aerospace structural bolted plates when they are subjected to a longitudinal tensile load. In the experimental method, a holed plate of aluminium alloy 7075-T6 was clamped using a single bolt fastener, and then tested under an increasing static longitudinal tensile load. The bolt clamping magnitude was determined by using the measured axial compressive strains of a steel bush placed between the nut and plate. Two clamped specimens with different initial clamping forces were studied. In each specimen the actual clamping forces were determined during the longitudinal loading on the plate. In the numerical method, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model was generated in order to simulate and quantify the bolt clamping force in the plate model loaded in tension. Both experimental and numerical results showed that the clamping force reduces considerably in the aluminium bolted plates under the longitudinal tensile loading. This is because of the transverse contraction of the plate material that causes the clamped material to release from the initial compression, and as a result, the clamping force to relax.     

利用上游斜坡改善气膜冷却效率的数值研究

为了获得气膜孔上游放置斜坡对气膜冷却效率的影响规律,采用数值模拟方法研究了斜坡的台阶高度分别为0.3D,0.5D,0.75D,1.0D和1.5D时不同吹风比下的流动过程和冷却效率分布情况,并与常规气膜孔冷却结构形式进行对比,以揭示斜坡对气膜冷却效率改善作用的影响机理。研究表明,在气膜孔上游设置斜坡,延缓了主流通过反向涡对对冷却气流的掺混作用,反向涡对强度减弱,冷却气流出流后的贴壁效果更好,提高了气膜冷却效率,随着吹风比的增加,斜坡高度较高时无论是在气膜孔中心线处还是在两气膜孔之间区域的冷却效率值都得到大幅度的提高。     

脉冲爆震发动机自吸气实现方式

根据脉冲爆震发动机工作循环过程中的压力变化特点,对脉冲爆震发动机自吸气的实现方式进行了探索研究,设计了几种不同的结构型式以改善尾部吸气质量,并进行了数值模拟。结果显示:单一等截面直爆震管虽然可以在爆震后管内负压作用下从尾部自吸气,但是吸入的基本全是尾气,无法用于再次爆震起爆;进、排气口分开有利于改善自吸气质量,进气口离排气口越远,尾气影响越小,吸气质量越好;进、排气口间最好有一定压差,否则会出现两端同时进气,形成吸气震荡,并在爆震管中部夹有燃气无法排出;利用设计的气动阀可以实现从爆震管前端自吸气,吸气结束后整个爆震管内充满新鲜空气,可以用于再次爆震起爆。     

基于屏蔽数据的航空电源系统可靠性分析

当航空电源系统具有屏蔽寿命数据时,研究逆Weibull型部件可靠性的估计问题.利用Bayes方法和极大似然方法,给出了逆Weibull型部件可靠性的Bayes估计和极大似然估计.利用随机模拟方法对两种估计的结果进行了比较.     

滚动轴承摩擦力矩的乏信息模糊预报

滚动轴承摩擦力矩的波动具有不确定性,属于概率分布与趋势规律都未知的乏信息系统.这阻碍了对轴承摩擦力矩的小样本分析与总体把握.为此,以模糊集合理论为基础,从小样本入手,建立了航天轴承摩擦力矩参数的经验概率密度函数及其模糊预报模型,并对摩擦力矩的均值上界和最大值上界进行预报.对HKTA和HKTB两种轴承摩擦力矩参数的试验研究表明,在99%～100%置信水平下,预报结果与试验结果之间的误差很小,最大绝对误差仅为0.081 1个设定单位,最大相对误差仅为10.165%,可以满足航天工程的要求.      

Ocean Observation from Haiyang Satellites: 2012–2014

During 2012 and 2014, China has two Haiyang(which means ocean in Chinese, referred to as HY) satellites operating normally in space which are HY-1B and HY-2A. HY-1B is an ocean color environment satellite which was launched in April 2007 to observe global ocean color and sea surface temperature, and HY-2A is an ocean dynamic environment satellite which was launched in August 2011 to obtain global marine dynamic environment parameters including sea surface height,significant wave height, ocean wind vectors, etc. Ocean observation data provided by HY-1B and HY-2A have been widely used by both domestic and international users in extensive areas such as ocean environment protection, ocean disaster prevention and reduction, marine environment forecast,ocean resource development and management, ocean investigations and scientific researches, etc.     

Numerical investigation of the nonreacting and reacting flow fields in a transverse gaseous injection channel with different species

The mixing and combustion process has an important impact on the engineering realization of the scramjet engine. The nonreacting and reacting flow fields in a transverse injection channel have been investigated numerically, and the predicted results have been compared with the available experimental data in the open literature, the wall pressure distributions, the separation length, as well as the penetration height. Further, the influences of the molecular weight of the fuel and the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio on the wall pressure distribution have been studied. The obtained results show that the predicted results show reasonable agreement with the experimental data, and the variable trends of the penetration height and the separation distance are almost the same as those obtained in the experiment. The vapor pressure model is suitable to fit the relationship between the penetration height, the separation distance and the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio. The combustion process mainly occurs upstream of the injection port, and it makes a great difference to the wall pressure distribution upstream of the injection port, especially when the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is large enough, namely 17.72 and 25.15 in the range considered in the current study. For hydrogen, the combustion downstream of the injection port occurs more intensively, and this may be induced by its smaller molecular weight.     

面向增材制造的拓扑优化技术发展现状与未来

增材制造技术通过材料逐层打印制备结构,为复杂构件制造提供了新的成形方式。拓扑优化因不依赖于初始构型的选择,可设计出传统理念难以获得的创新构型,已成为航空航天和高端装备领域高性能、轻量化结构设计的重要手段。拓扑优化与增材制造有机融合,充分发挥各自优势和潜力,在现代制造业中展现出广阔应用前景。回顾了近年来关于增材制造与拓扑优化技术融合研究的主要内容和应用成果,包括以材料结构一体化为核心的多尺度/多层级结构优化设计、以设计制造一体化为核心的考虑增材制造工艺约束的优化方法等。同时,也分析了未来研究工作中存在的问题与挑战,如点阵结构性能表征及其尺度关联效应、增材制造材料成形各向异性、功能梯度材料与结构、增材制造材料与结构疲劳特性等对设计方法和成形工艺带来的挑战,为未来相关研究工作和航空航天应用提供参考。     

航天复合材料研究进展

航天复合材料的性能与应用水平是衡量航天型号先进性与可靠性的重要标志,是支撑航天型号发展的关键材料,决定型号性能与成败。本文总结了近年来在热结构、防热、热透波、隔热以及结构复合材料领域的重要研究进展,提出极端环境服役新材料、可重复使用防隔热材料、第三代结构复合材料以及复合材料构件低成本快速制造等是航天复合材料未来发展的重要方向。